Breast Cancer - Key Symptoms & Causes

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, affecting both women and, in rare cases, men. Early detection plays a crucial role in increasing the chances of successful treatment. This article will help you understand the key symptoms, causes, and risk factors associated with breast cancer, along with screening methods and preventive measures.

What is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a lump or tumor. It often begins in the milk ducts (ductal carcinoma) or the glands that produce milk (lobular carcinoma) and can spread to other parts of the body if not treated in time.

While breast cancer is more common in women, men can also develop this disease, though at a much lower rate.

Common Symptoms of Breast Cancer

The early signs of breast cancer can vary, but common symptoms include:

• Lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area

• Changes in breast size, shape, or texture

• Skin dimpling or puckering (similar to the texture of an orange peel)

• Nipple discharge (clear, bloody, or milky)

• Redness, swelling, or flaking skin around the breast or nipple

• Inverted nipple (if it wasn’t before)

• Persistent breast pain or discomfort

Note: Not all breast lumps indicate cancer. However, if you notice any unusual changes, it’s essential to consult a doctor for further evaluation.

Main Causes of Breast Cancer

While the exact cause of breast cancer remains unknown, certain factors can increase the risk:

1. Genetic and Family History

• Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2) significantly increase risk

• A family history of breast or ovarian cancer

2. Hormonal Influence

• Prolonged exposure to estrogen and progesterone

• Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55)

• Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

3. Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

• Lack of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle

• Obesity, especially after menopause

• Smoking and high alcohol consumption

• Radiation exposure (especially previous chest radiation treatments)

4. Age and Gender

• The risk increases with age, particularly after 50

• Women are more susceptible to breast cancer than men

How Breast Cancer is Diagnosed

Early detection improves treatment outcomes. Here’s how doctors check for breast cancer:

1. Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

• Conducted at home to detect lumps or unusual changes

2. Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)

• A doctor manually checks for abnormalities

3. Mammogram (Breast X-ray)

• Recommended annually for women over 40

• Helps detect cancer before symptoms appear

4. Ultrasound or MRI

• Used for further evaluation of suspicious lumps

5. Biopsy

• A sample of breast tissue is taken and analyzed to confirm cancer diagnosis

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if you notice:

✔ A new lump that doesn’t go away
✔ Unusual pain or discomfort in the breast or underarm
✔ Persistent nipple discharge, especially if bloody
✔ Changes in breast shape, texture, or color

Early medical consultation increases the chances of effective treatment.

Who is at Higher Risk?

Certain individuals have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. You may be at higher risk if:

• You are above 50 years old

• A close relative has had breast or ovarian cancer

• You carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations

• You’ve had previous radiation therapy to the chest

• You have dense breast tissue (which can make detection harder)

• You had early menstruation or late menopause

If you fall into any of these categories, talk to your doctor about earlier or more frequent screenings.

How to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer

While some risk factors are unavoidable, certain lifestyle changes can lower the chances of developing breast cancer:

✔ Maintain a healthy weight
✔ Engage in regular physical activity
✔ Limit alcohol consumption
✔ Quit smoking
✔ Breastfeed (if possible), as it may reduce risk
✔ Eat a nutrient-rich diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
✔ Schedule regular screenings and health check-ups

Tip: If breast cancer runs in your family, consider genetic counseling and testing for BRCA mutations.

Conclusion

Breast cancer is a serious but treatable disease, especially when detected early. By being aware of its symptoms, risk factors, and early warning signs, you can take proactive steps toward prevention and timely medical intervention.

Regular screenings, a healthy lifestyle, and medical check-ups play a crucial role in reducing risks and improving outcomes. Stay informed, take action, and prioritize your health.